Items filtered by date: December 2015

This article might apply to none acer computers.

When you turn the computer on it locks or stops loading at the splash screen or at various parts of the BIOS load procedure and windows is not loaded. If the full screen logo is not turned on this error might be presented at a slightly different point.

• remove USB mouse, when running on the original ps2 mouse the pc would fire up no probs. but with the M/S optical usb mouse plugged in it freezes
• remove all USB devices

If you are having major issues trying to repair a windows vista / windows 7 installation, the best way to fix it is to repair upgrade it, however you might get the following errors, they need to be worked through to be able to perform an upgrade as you cannot do repair installs anymore.

II found that if windows will not boot using any of the options in the boot menu you can then set the client PC into bootdebug mode by pressing F10 and the correct entry, then start  debugging on the Server machine, connect the client PC physically with a firewire cable. This allows the client PC to boot using i assume an alternative kernel.

NB: you can put the Client PC in to bootdebug mode and connected by firewire cable by pressing F10

after you login "an unauthorized change was made to windows" message appears with the 2 options:

1. "learn more online"
2. "close"

• if you click close you logout
• if you click learn more online it takes you to the windows online genuine advantage validation page. in this case it had failed and would not revalidate

try one or more of the following:

• uninstall the validation update
• change the key
• rearm
• sfc /scannow

NB: to access the explorer, type c:\windows\explorer.exe in to the addressbar

didnt work, so addition

go to c:\windows\system32 and set the read only bit for that folder and all sub folders

wga diag does not run in safe mode

the tokens removal instruction might or might not have an effect on the "not enough quota is available to process this command" error.

If windows loads in restricted mode the following should allow upgrading

• boot in to normal mode or debug mode
• click learn more online (internet connection not required)
• run c:\windows\explorer.exe from address bar, you might be able to run d:\setup.exe from the address bar
• run upgrade from vista setup disk, same service pack version might be required.
• complete the upgrade

NB: If you get "not enough quota is available to process this command" this might be overcome by trying different methods of accessing the setup.exe on the vista setup disk. ie

• start/run
• my computer / setup.exe
• address bar in internet explorer
• running as an admiinistrator might be required

How to Reset/ NVRAM initialization / Super NVRAM initialization / Network reset / Cold reset the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer.

NVRAM initialization the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer

CAUTION Only perform the following procedure if absolutely necessary. Performing an NVRAM initialization resets some parameters that cannot be restored later.

NVRAM initialization sets all default variables stored in NVRAM back to factory default values or to a default ROM value, depending on the variable. It also performs a system reset.

NVRAM initialization resets the following:

• All menu settings to factory default values
• Factory settings such as formatter number, page counts, and factory paper settings

Use the following procedure to perform an NVRAM initialization.

1. Turn the printer off.
2. Press and hold down the Go button.
3. Turn the printer on, and continue to hold the Go button for at least 20 seconds. During this process, the Go button, Attention, and Ready LEDs each turn on.
4. Release the Go button.

The printer lights begin cycling. After the NVRAM initialization is complete, the printer returns to the ready state.

Super NVRAM initialization the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer
This feature is similar to NVRAM initialization, except all of NVRAM is re-initialized (including the
configuration parameters not reset by an NVRAM initialization).

Use the following procedure to perform an NVRAM initialization.

1. Turn off the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer.
2. Press and hold the Go button.
3. Turn on the printer and continue to hold the Go button for at least 50 seconds. During this process, the Attention, Ready, Go lights turn on. Then the Attention and Ready lights turn off,leaving only the Go light illuminated.
4. Release the Go button. The Go, Ready and Attention lights turn on.
5. Press and hold the Go button. All lights turn off. During the next three seconds, the Go, Ready and Attention lights turn on in that order, one per second.
6. Release the Go button to perform the initialization. The control panel lights begin cycling from front to back. After the Super NVRAM initialization process is complete, the printer returns to the ready state.

Network reset the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer
A network reset changes all network system parameters in NVRAM to the factory defaults. During the network-reset process, all button presses are ignored.
Use the following procedure to perform a network reset.

1. Turn off the printer.
2. Press and hold the Job Cancel button.
3. Turn on the printer and continue to hold the Job Cancel button for approximately 10 seconds,but no longer than 20 seconds. During this process, the Attention light turns on.
4. Release the Job Cancel button. The Attention, Ready, and Go lights begin cycling from front to back. After the network-reset process is complete, the device returns to the ready state.

NOTE If the Attention and Ready lights illuminate before you release the Job Cancel
button, start again at step 1.

Cold reset the HP Laserjet P2015 Printer

A cold reset changes most system parameters in NVRAM to the factory defaults. However, unlike NVRAM initialization, a cold reset does not reset the page count, the paper tray sizes, language, or formatter number.

NOTE A cold reset also resets all the HP Jetdirect settings as well as the printer settings.

Use the following procedure to perform a cold reset.

1. Turn off the printer.
2. Press and hold the Go button.
3. Turn the printer on, and continue to hold the Go button for at least 5 seconds, but not longer than 15 seconds. During this process, the Attention LED turns on.
4. Release the Go button.

NOTE If both the Attention and the Ready LEDs turn on before you release the Go button, you must start the procedure again with step 1.

The printer’s LEDs begin cycling. The cold-reset process runs until completion, and the printer returns to the ready state.

My experience in installing Microsoft Security Essentials.

I tried to install MSE on my XP laptop and I got an installation error - 0x8004FF01.

After looking through a couple of posts I tried the following:

1. Download and install the latest Windows Installer 4.5 from here:  http://support.microsoft.com/kb/942288
2. Ensure the Windows Installer service is set to automatic and started.

After doing these 2 things, the install worked fine.

• SPTD corrupt file is most likely the download, redownload and check the icon is a proper one

see this page for registry error fixes and manual removal if needed

into the sql tab on phpmyadmin or in console:

UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD(’newrootpassword’) WHERE User=’root’;FLUSH PRIVILEDGES

Windows 7, and possibly Windows Vista can suffer from various problems when installing

• AMD cool and quiet can prevent windows 7 x64 installation, disable it in bios (try diabling smart fan control aswell)
• FDD present in bios but not physicaly can cause massive time delays or the installation to stop
• make sure only one drive connected as windows 7 gets confused where to put the bootloader, also speeds up the setup as it does not wait for drives to respond
• set drives to achi not sata or native ide or raid (and possibly vice versa as an option)
• detach all unnecessary USB and other external devices. USB mice, pendrive and printers with card readers
• check hardware with windows 7 upgrade advisor can be helpful
• Try formatting the partition manually during setup rather than just clicking next
• Drop ram to minimum ie 1gb by 1 stick. also might try different variations as certain memory arrangements can cause issues
• clock memory down from 1333 to 800 etc.
  
  Also these can be valid aswell, not fully checked though

• Disabling USB
• Try 1 video card when 2 are present
• Disable ide and use usb cdrom
• disabling power saving in bios might speed windows 7 up aswell as help
• Choose Enable Low-resolution video (640*480) option, and press Enter

Useful links

http://superuser.com/questions/17207/windows-7-install-stuck-at-setup-is-starting
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itproinstall/thread/bae1726d-f99a-4b24-a5a8-fa8a84451056
http://social.answers.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/w7install/thread/e947432f-a6f2-419f-b307-16e301c34bb6
http://superuser.com/questions/59378/windows-7-setup-hangs-after-starting-windows-screen
http://www.eggxpert.com/forums/thread/586647.aspx

Windows 7 Install Stuck at Setup is Starting / Windows 7 setup hangs after “Starting Windows…”-screen

I'm trying to install Windows 7 RTM 64-bit on my computer but I am stuck between "Starting Windows" and the first dialog window asking for the language. All I can see is the standard Win7 background and the mouse cursor which I can move around. There is no hard drive or CD-ROM activity.

• Disable FDD in BIOS.

Win7 x64 setup freezes on "Completing Installation"

• Found the problem. AMD Cool 'n Quiet Technology. I switched it off in the BIOS, and it installed straight away

Windows 7 64 bit takes half hour to Boot - if not FDD issue

I'm doing a clean installation of windows 7 ultimate 64 bit on my machine, it gets to the point where it says "Setup is starting..." when I install, and then takes half an hour approximately to get to the point where I can choose drives, etc... And then every time it reboots, half hour until I can do anything. My vista 64 bit install takes approx 20 minutes on this machine, and the win 7 compatibility test thing says everything is fine. I have the following hardware:

• Apparently has something to do with my secondary raid array. I disable (removed the power to those two drives) that, and I get super quick boot.
• The issues you were having were most likely due to drivers for the RAID controller not being totally compatable with Windows 7.

6to4 Adapter is basically just a virtual adapter which microsoft has developed to change the IPv6 to IPv4 internally.

There is some compatibility issue with Vista and so it keeps on showing these errors and warnings. Also a 6tOP adapteer keeps on getting created

To stop the 6TOP adapters being created we have to remove the problem. this is cause by network adapters not having matched ipv4 and ipv6 settings. This is where the 6TO4 adapter comes in to play, it translates between IPV4 and IPV6 but because of the issues caused by Vista it keeps on creating them.

• check all adapters have IPV4 and IPV6 enabled or disable all IPV6 in adapters
• then delete all the erronoues drives 6to4 and isatap if required

 Other Things to Try

• Uninstall any ADSL modem drivers or other network adpaters
• check other adaptors settings do they have ipv6 enable. ie if they dont a tunnel adaptor 6to4 will be created. if there are incompatability issues one might be created every connection
• update speedtouch drivers + all other network drivers

It's not used so no it's not important. Do the following:

1. Go to the Control Panel and select Network & Sharing center.
2. Click manage network connections and disable your dial up/broadband if you use wireless. Disable wireless if you use dial up/broadband.
3. Right click your network connection and then left click properties.
4. Uncheck the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)
5. Click OK and exit.
   
   This will eliminate connection/hangup issues as well.
   
   If you are not sure google IPv6 6to4. It basically works with how ip addressess are issued, and we won't be needing it any time soon. For example:
   
   IPv4: 4,294,967,296 addresses (what we use now)
   IPv6: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses. (what we'll use in the future)

These are my notes specific to Ubuntu Linux.

• General
  • RootSudo - Community Help Wiki
    
    • In Linux (and Unix in general), there is a SuperUser named root. The Windows equivalent of root is the Administrators group. The SuperUser can do anything and everything, and thus doing daily work as the SuperUser can be dangerous.
    • By default, the root account password is locked in Ubuntu. This means that you cannot login as root directly or use the su command to become the root user.
  • How to use the ping Command on Ubuntu - Pi My Life Up - Check your devices network connectivity
• GUI
  • Disable / Turn Off Lock Screen on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish Linux - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration - In this tutorial, we show the steps to disable / turn off the lock screen on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish Linux.
• Root Account
  • Root is disabled
    • Ubuntu is one of the few Linux distributions out there that will not enable the root account. If you want to do something with root permission on the console you have to type sudo before the command. 
    • As you have noticed during the Ubuntu installation there was no question about the root password, as you might have been use to see during other Linux distribution installation process.
    • How to login as root in Linux - Ubuntu | Linux in a Minute - YouTube
      • In this Linux in a Minute video you will learn how to login as root in Linux - Ubuntu. The root user is unable to login by default in Ubuntu Linux. This video will show you how to work around that for temporary root access, as well as show you how to reset the root user's password so that you can use it on a permanent basis.
      • Watch this video and everything will be answered.
      • The code

        Temporarily login as root:
        sudo -s
        
        Swap user to root. The root user must have a password set:
        su root
        
        Change the root user password:
        sudo passwd root

    • Login as Root in Ubuntu GUI
      • If you really want it, you can log in as root into the Ubuntu desktop using GNOME. Here's how to do that.
      • By default, Ubuntu disables the root account. You must use the sudo command for any tasks requiring root privileges.
    • How to Enable and Disable Root User Account in Ubuntu | Linuxize
      • In Ubuntu Linux the root user account is disabled by default for security reasons. Ubuntu users are encouraged to perform system administrative tasks by granting administrative privileges to regular user using a tool named sudo. If for some reason you need to enable the root account, you just need to set a password for the root user. If you previously enabled the root user in Ubuntu and now you want to disable it, set the root password to expire.

        Disable the root account password:
        sudo passwd -l root

    • How to Enable Root Login on Ubuntu? – TheITBros - In this post we will show you how to enable root login on Ubuntu
  • Forgot Root password
    • Forgot My root Password - Ask Ubuntu
    • How to Reset Forgotten Root Password in Ubuntu 20.04 - VITUX - I will show you how to reset the root password on an Ubuntu 20.04 system by modifying the Grub boot loader configuration and booting Ubuntu into a rescue mode.
    • Ubuntu 20.04 reset root password - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration - The objective of this tutorial is to reset a lost root or user password on Ubuntu 20.04 Focal Fossa Linux.
  • Allow Root to use SSH
    • Enable Root Login via SSH In Ubuntu - Liquid Web
      • By default, SSH on Ubuntu comes configured in a way that disables the root users log in. This was originally enabled as a security precaution which means that you cannot directly log in as the root user over SSH.
      • However, you can usually get around the need for root ssh login by using the sudo command.
      • In some cases, though it’s just more convenient to get directly logged in as root.
    • Make sure you are logged in on the terminal as root.
    • Edit the relevant config using nano (an easy to use editor)

      sudo apt-get install nano
      sudo apt-get install nano
      sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

    • Add the following permit rule in the correct section as shown below
      

      # Authentication:
      PermitRootLogin yes
      

    • Save and exit the file.
    • Restart the SSH server using either of these methods

      systemctl restart sshd
      
      or
      
      service sshd restart

    • Done, you can now login with SSH and FTP over SSH as root.
• apt vs apt-get
  • What is the difference between apt and apt-get? - Ask Ubuntu
  • Difference Between apt and apt-get | Baeldung on Linux - Learn the difference between the apt and apt-get utilities in Linux.
• Tutorials
  • INSTALL UBUNTU - Server 20.04 LTS - Code Intrinsic
    • Simple Guide how to setup USB Installation Disk, followed by installation instruction step by step.
    • Do not use LVM Groups. These are dynamic disks and have to be online to be imaged.
  • How To Install and Secure phpMyAdmin on Ubuntu 20.04 | DigitalOcean - In this guide, we’ll discuss how to install and secure phpMyAdmin so that you can safely use it to manage your databases on an Ubuntu 20.04 system.
  • Change Hostname on Ubuntu 20.04 {via GUI or Terminal} - Change the hostname on Ubuntu 20.04 in a few simple steps by choosing one of the methods described in this article.
• LetsEncrypt
  • How To Create Let's Encrypt Wildcard Certificates with Certbot | DigitalOcean - A wildcard certificate is an SSL certificate that can secure any number of subdomains with a single certificate. You may want a wildcard certificate in cases where you need to support multiple subdomains but don’t want to configure them all individually.
  • How To Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu 20.04 | DigitalOcean - In this guide, we’ll use Certbot to obtain a free SSL certificate for Apache on Ubuntu 20.04, and make sure this certificate is set up to renew automatically.
• Networking
  • Configuring
    • alias - How do I add an additional IP address to an interface in Ubuntu 14 - Ask Ubuntu - I want to have the wired interface simultaneously obtain a DHCP address, and also alias a fixed address so I can communicate with a device with a fixed IP address on a different subnet over the same link.
  • Static IP
    • How to Set a Static IP Address in Debian - Learn how to set a static IP address in Debian with this step-by-step tutorial. Ideal for beginners and experts looking to enhance network configuration skills.
    • Set static IP in Ubuntu using Command Line | Learn Ubuntu - Everything you need to know about setting static IP on an Ubuntu machine using the command line.
    • Change IP address on Ubuntu Server - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration - In this tutorial, we show the step by step instructions to change the IP address from command line on an Ubuntu Server Linux system.
    • Manual Network Configuration in Linux and How to Set a Static IP Address | Baeldung on Linux - Explore network configuration under many different Linux distributions, with the main goal of setting a static IP address.
  • Enable/Disable
    • command line - Enabling and disabling network card through commandline - Ask Ubuntu - Can anybody help me to how can I enable and disable network card through terminal?
    • How to Restart Network in Ubuntu [Command Line & GUI] | It's FOSS - Here are 6 ways you can restart the network in Ubuntu and other Linux distros. Also learn to refresh wireless network connection in Ubuntu Linux.
    • Restart Network in Ubuntu Command Line | Learn Ubuntu - From systemd to ip, learn various ways of restarting the network in Ubuntu command line.
  • nmtui
    • How to Configure IP Network with 'nmtui' Tool - nmtui is a graphical command-line utility that allows you to easily configure your network interfaces in Linux distributions using a graphical display.
    • Install nmtui (the utility didn't work right on Debian 12)

      # Become root
      $ su
      
      # Install nmtui (the package itself is called network-manager)
      $ apt-get install network-manager
      
      # Launch it by typing in terminal
      $ nmtui

    • How to use
      • nmcli d
        • will show you which network device is live, make a note of it eg: `eth0 (Wired connection 1)`
      • nmtui
        • Edit Connection
        • you will now probaly see 2 connections
          • `Wired connection 1`
          • `enp0s3`
        • Examine both and you will find the settings of the dead connection (eg: enpp0s3)
        • Delete the dead connection
          • optionally you can leave it present until you know things are working but at the very least you need to remove or change it's IP and then deactivate it.
        • Add to your new connection.
      • Reboot server
      • Links
        • How to Configure CentOS Network Settings {via terminal or GUI) - Configure CentOS network settings via command line or the Network Manager TUI. Master the CentOS 7 network config and set up a static IP or DHCP with ease!
  • No Network cards will come up

    if you have nmtui or nmcli installed it would be easier to use those utilities but they are required to be installed before you have issues.

    • This is indicated by
      • No flashing NIC LEDs when connected to a network with an RJ-45 cable
      • You do not have an IP address (assuming DHCP) when you run the command

        ip a

    • Caused by
      • For me it was caused by putting my hard drive in another PC and trying to run the OS from that.
    • Solution
      • Plug a network cable in to your network card (must be connect to a network)
      • Run this command get a list of your network card interface names and then select the NIC you are going to use. It is easier if you only have one NIC to work with. (eg enp2s0)
        

        ip a

      • Force the network card to come up (might not be needed)

        ip link set enp2s0 up

      • navigate to and list the directory
        

        /etc/netplan/
        ls

      • There should only be one file which you should edit with nano

        nano 01-netcfg.yaml
        or
        nano 00-installer-config.yaml

      • You will now be presented with the following information (or similiar)

        # This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
        network:
          ethernets:
            enp5s0:
              dhcp4: true
          version: 2

      • As you can see the network interface does not match that of the installed NIC. Correct the entry. (eg enp5s0 --> (eg enp2s0)
      • Now apply the changes with netplan

        netplan apply

      • Your network should come back online.
• Enable Brotli compression
  
  • Key points to get this working
    • This requires an Apache module to be installed.

      apt install brotli
      a2enmod brotli

    • You enable compression by putting directives in the Apache Config or .htacces file. However compression is then statically set with this command rather than being controlled by your CMS/PHP.
      

      <IfModule mod_brotli.c>
          AddOutputFilterByType BROTLI_COMPRESS text/html text/plain text/xml text/css text/javascript application/x-javascript application/javascript application/json application/x-font-ttf application/vnd.ms-fontobject image/x-icon
      </IfModule>

    • To use in PHP you will need a 3rd Party PHP extension.
      • GitHub - kjdev/php-ext-brotli: Brotli Extension for PHP
      • Added brotli native in PHP · Issue #11504 · php/php-src · GitHub
      • PECL :: Package :: brotli
      • How to Install PHP PECL Extensions - ServerPilot - PECL extensions are third-party extensions for PHP. These extensions often add new built-in functions to PHP that do not exist in the core PHP language.
      • Setting up Brotli Extension for PHP | Nick Dickinson-Wilde - The Brotli extension for PHP, integrates the Brotli compression algorithm for use in PHP. Brotli compression is similar to gzip but has a higher compression ratio - up to 30% bandwidth savings.
  • Test Brotli is enabled and working on your Website
    • Brotli Test - Verify Brotli Compression Support | KeyCDN Tools - Test if a server supports the Brotli compression. The Brotli algorithm, which is the successor of Gzip, allows better and faster compression results.
    • Check if your website supports Brotli compression | Brotli.Pro - Scan your website now and start the free Brotli compression test for your page!
  • Virtualmin
    • How to use brotli compression instead of gzip - Virtualmin - Virtualmin Community
    • Brotli Compression - Virtualmin - Virtualmin Community
      • It is, marginally. On text files it can compress between 10% and 15% smaller than Gzip. The problem though is that Gzip has been around for nearly 30 years now and Brotli has only been around for 5 or 6 years. I always err on the side of caution and stick with the tried and true.
  • Information
    • Brotli - Wikipedia
    • What is Brotli Compression and Why Do I Need It For My WordPress Site? | Boldgrid
    • Ubuntu Manpage: brotli - brotli, unbrotli - compress or decompress files
    • Enable HTTP (brotli) compression - Configuring WordPress Browser Caching using W3 Total Cache by BoldGrid
      • While gzip has long been a staple in performance optimization, Brotli compression is emerging as a cutting-edge partner in caching and speed. Developed by Google, it offers even more impressive compression capabilities, often achieving a 10-20% reduction in file size compared to gzip. This translates to smaller files, faster transfers, and enhanced caching benefits. While Brotli compression is more powerful than gzip, the Brotli compression process is slower making gzip preferable if you host a large amount of dynamic content that cannot be cached.
      • The brotli PHP extension must be installed on your server in order to use this option. If you would like to use this feature and are unable to enable it, reach out to your host for further assistance.
  • Apache Installation
    • Enable Brotli Compression for your Apache server in less than 5 minutes | Brotli.Pro
      • Learn how you can enable Brotli compression for your Apache web server in a couple of minutes!
      • Gives an explantion of the options
      • Seems to be a homepage for the software.
    • How To Enable Brotli Compression In Apache 2.4 - This guide shows you how to utilize the efficient brotli compression for you website.
    • How To Enable Brotli Compression in Apache – TecAdmin - This tutorial helps you to enable brotli compression in the Apache webserver.
    • How to Add Brotli Compression Support on Apache - Linux Tutorial Hub
      • This guide shows how to add Brotli compression support on Apache. If you want to add Brotli support then this tutorial is useful for you.
      • ou can use the curl command to test Brotli support:

        curl -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: br' http://example.com 

    • ss

Logical Volume Management (LVM)

This is enabled by default in the Ubuntu setup but can easily be unchecked and avoided.

• General
  • Key Features
    • LVM is a dynamic disk that has to be online to be cloned.
    • Partitions can be resized or moved while online without affecting services.
    • LVM can do snapshots.
    • The LVM has to be on for it's partitions to be cloned.
    • It is designed for larger installations.
  • Don't use for Virtual machines. Snapshoting will be done above the VM if at all (i.e. TrueNAS). Adding LVM adds an extra layer of complexity.
  • Other phrases: LVM Group / LVM Volumes / LVM Storage / Dynamic LVM GPT
  • Lvm - Ubuntu Wiki - LVM stands for Logical Volume Management. It is a system of managing logical volumes, or filesystems, that is much more advanced and flexible than the traditional method of partitioning a disk into one or more segments and formatting that partition with a filesystem.
  • server - What is LVM and what is it used for? - Ask Ubuntu
    • As a Linux/Ubuntu newbie, what is LVM and what is it used for? In terms of a web server installation, what benefits does it provide? Would you recommend using it?
    • You can think of LVM as "dynamic partitions", meaning that you can create/resize/delete LVM "partitions" (they're called "Logical Volumes" in LVM-speak) from the command line while your Linux system is running: no need to reboot the system to make the kernel aware of the newly-created or resized partitions.
    • Other nice features that LVM "Logical Volumes" provide are:
      1. If you have more than one hard-disk, Logical Volumes can extend over more than one disk: i.e., they are not limited by the size of one single disk, rather by the total aggregate size.
      2. You can set up "striped" LVs, so that I/O can be distributed to all disks hosting the LV in parallel. (Similar to RAID-0, but a bit easier to set-up.)
      3. You can create a (read-only) snapshot of any LV. You can revert the original LV to the snapshot at a later time, or delete the snapshot if you no longer need it. This is handy for server backups for instance (you cannot stop all your applications from writing, so you create a snapshot and backup the snapshot LV), but can also be used to provide a "safety net" before a critical system upgrade (clone the root partition, upgrade, revert if something went wrong).
    • While being most useful on server systems, I think that features 1. and 3., combined with LVM's ability to create/resize/delete LVs on the fly, are quite handy on desktop systems as well. (Especially if you experiment a lot with the system.)
    • Downsides
      • Of course, all of this comes at a price: the initial setup of LVM is more complex than just partitioning a disk, and you will definitely need to understand the LVM terminology and model (Logical Volumes, Physical Volumes, Volume Groups) before you can start using it. (Once it is set up, using it is much easier, though.)
      • Also, if you use LVM across hard drives, you may lose all your data when only one drive fails.
      • What is LVM?
      • When should you use LVM?
        • The first thing your should consider before setting up LVM is what you want to accomplish with your disks and partitions. Some distributions, like Fedora, install with LVM by default.
        • If you are using Ubuntu on a laptop with only one internal hard drive and you don't need extended features like live snapshots, then you may not need LVM. If you need easy expansion or want to combine multiple hard drives into a single pool of storage then LVM may be what you have been looking for.
      • Setting up LVM in Ubuntu
  • What is Logical Volume Management and How Do You Enable It in Ubuntu? | How-To-Geek
    • Logical Volume Management (LVM) is a disk management option that every major Linux distribution includes.
    • Whether you need to set up storage pools or Logical Volume Management (LVM) is a disk management option that every major Linux distribution includes.
    • Whether you need to set up storage pools or just need to dynamically create partitions, LVM is probably what you are looking for.
    • First thing to know about using LVM is there is no easy way to convert your existing traditional partitions to logical volumes. It is possible to move to a new partition that uses LVM, but that won't be something that we will cover in this article.
  • Logical Volume Manager (LVM) versus standard partitioning in Linux | Enable Sysadmin | Red Hat - Use this guide to integrate the flexibility, scalability, and increased features of LVM into your server storage strategies. Traditional partitioning is good, but LVM is better.
• Misc
  • Are there any LVM like solutions for Windows? - Super User
  • 500GB drive fitted, only 50GB showing in Virtualmin - Virtualmin Community
    • I have set up an HP Proline server with a 500GB drive with Centos 6.2 and Virtualmin 3.97. Having restored a few servers from backups, I have noticed that I am nearly out of disk space. Virtualmin reports “Local disk space 49.69 GB total, 46.74 GB used”.
    • It looks like you’re running LVM there… your partition is setup for 500GB, but the LVM volume that’s mounted is only 50GB.
  • Linux mount an LVM volume / partition command - nixCraft - Learn how to mount an LVM parition on Linux and access data using the command line options.
• Tutorials
  • How to Migrate Ubuntu installed on a LVM Logical Volume from a MBR disk to a GPT disk on non-(U)EFI hardware without data loss - Community Help Wiki - Here is an example where this could be useful.
  • Adding a New Disk to an Ubuntu 22.04 Volume Group and Logical Volume – Answertopia
    • In this chapter, we will look at the steps necessary to add new disk space to both a volume group and a logical volume to add additional space to the home file system of an Ubuntu system.
    • LVM provides a flexible and high-level approach to managing disk space. Instead of each disk drive being split into partitions of fixed sizes onto which fixed-size file systems are created, LVM provides a way to group disk space into logical volumes that can be easily resized and moved.
  • How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu | How-To-Geek - Today we are going to walk you through some of the key management tools of LVM so you will be confident when setting up or expanding your installation.
• Cloning / Imaging
  • dd
    • This can be used to clone LVM partitions.
    • 'dd' command in Linux - GeeksforGeeks - dd is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-like operating systems whose primary purpose is to convert and copy files.
  • linux - Cloning HDD containing /boot and LVM to new HDD - Super User
    1. dd will handle the LVM just fine.
    2. Make sure your boot loader points to the right drive on your clone, otherwise it won't boot.
    3. Finally, you will need to resize the LVM on the clone. Technically you should be able to enlarge a logical volume without a problem while it is mounted, but I suggest doing all operations of this nature on unmounted drives.

       lvresize -L <new size>G --resizefs MyLVGroup/myvol

    4. will resize the partition and the filesystem at the same time. Tip: add + right before <new size> in the above command to extend by that amount instead of resizing to it.
    5. To extend the logical volume separately from resizing the filesystem do the following:

       lvresize -L +<amount to extend>G MyLVGroup/myvol

    6. Then expand the filesystem with:

       resize2fs /dev/MyLVGroup/myvol

    7. Look at askubuntu's Q "How can I resize an LVM partition? (i.e: physical volume) and archwiki's LVM - Volume Operations for more information on resizing the LVM.
  • linux - LVM and cloning HDs - Super User - Several methods mentioned here
  • LVM and cloning HDs | jcea.es - Instructions on how to image a LVM.
  • ubuntu - How do I clone a VM drive using LVM to a smaller drive? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
  • LVM and the Ease of Migrating to a New Drive - Heiko's Blog - LVM Logical Volumes provide a powerful storage solution. Here I show how to use the LVM pvmove command to relocate data without downtime.
  • Migrating LVM Partitions to New Logical Volume (Drive) - Part VI - In this article we will show you how to migrate existing logical volumes data to other new drive without any downtime and data-loss using LVM migration feature.
  • partitioning - How to move / copy logical volume (lv) to another volume group (vg)? - Ask Ubuntu - Basically, I want to move / copy several logical volumes (lv) into a new volume group (vg). The new volume group reside on a new set of physical volumes. Does anyone know how to do that safely without damaging to the data inside those logical volumes?
• Backup
  • How To Take LVM Backup In Easy Steps | Zindagi Technologies - In our previous blog, we show how we configure Logical Volume Group. Now, if we are talking about LVM backups, for many several reasons a volume group may become corrupted after unintended user intervention. there are two useful commands – vgcfgbackup and vgcfgrestore. Using this command, we take a backup of our accidentally delete the volume and we also restore it. These commands allow you to back up the metadata of the volume group. In many cases, the LVM configuration is corrupted. LVM may also be damaged when some disk fails and rebooting OS fails to boot. Therefore, it is important to have an LVM configuration backup.
• Resizing
  • HOWTO: Resize a Linux VM's LLVM Virtual Disk on a ZVOL | TrueNAS Community
    • If you have a Linux VM, which uses the LLVM filesystem, you can easily increase the disk space available to the VM.
    • Full instructions on how to increase a LVM Volume on a TrueNAS VM.
    • These instructions will aslo work with adaptation for many other scenarios.

SORT these below

• Use Synaptic Package Manager in the GUI for a easier experience installing and removing packages.
  

  sudo apt install synaptic

  • Use Synaptic for more advanced software management
  • BEST Package Manger for Ubuntu/Debian - YouTube
    • Quickly overviewing the APT Package Manger for Ubuntu and other Debian based systems, Synaptic. This package manager is a classic. Similar layout to the GUI of the YaST application in OpenSUSE.

      sudo add-apt-repository universe
      sudo apt update
      sudo apt install synaptic

• The location where packages are run from and placed with wget are /home/shoulders/
• By default the root account is disabled for security.
• gadmin-proftpd is a GUI for proftpd ftp server
• sudo / su is a command to allow you to run as root. Similiar to 'Run as administrator'
• Alt + F2 brings up the terminal
• First press "Alt F2" on your keyboard then type in "gksu nautilus".
• Now you are running the file browser as root in gnome.
• Or you can do the same thing in kde only look for "run command" in the kmenu and type in "kdesu dolphin".
• To run file explorer as root
  • security - What is the difference between "gksudo nautilus" and "sudo nautilus"? - Ask Ubuntu
    • Old way using using gksudo nautilus and sudo nautilus through Alt+F2. What's the difference? They look very similar!
  • gksu Removed From Ubuntu, Here's What You Can Use Instead
    • gksu is deprecated. It is removed from Debian, Ubuntu 18.04 and other newer Linux distribution version. You can achieve the gksu functionality with gvfs admin backend. Here’s how to do that.
    • gksu was the program that provided a GTK frontend for su and sudo. This way graphical applications were allowed to be run with root privileges.

      So, if you were using a command like this with gksu:
      gksu gedit /etc/default/apport
      
      You can use the following command instead:
      gedit admin:///etc/default/apport
      
      to run file explorer as root (I think):
      admin:///nautilus 

  • [Quick Tip] Enable ‘Open as Administrator’ Option in Ubuntu 22.04 | UbuntuHandbook - Want to open folder or edit file as administrator (aka root in Linux)? Here’s how to do the trick by adding menu option in Ubuntu 22.04 file manager.
  • 3 Quick and Easy Ways to Open Any File as Root in Ubuntu - Make Tech Easier - Accessing the root user from the GUI can be tricky to a new Linux user. Learn how to open files as root from the desktop in Ubuntu.
  • How to open Ubuntu file manager as root user - Linux Shout - By default, the File Manager in Ubuntu or in any other Linux distro uses a non-root user. I mean a user that doesn’t have Administrative rights can access them graphically. It improves overall system security.
  • How to Open Files and Folders as Administrator in Nautilus File Manager in Linux - Learn to add an “Open as Administrator” option in the right click context menu in Nautilus file manager in Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.If you want to open or edit a file as root, you can always do that in the terminal. I know a few people don’t

Retrospect will not sync files and copy data properely even when configured properely, try the following

• make more free space on the drive i want to back up ie. D: drive
• delete the configuration file and resetup
• turn of damon tools, reg mechanic , antivirus and other stuff like that
• reinstall might help
• leave for ages

Also See Understanding the Retrospect HD Restore Log [193431]

Log Location

Vista / Windows 7 - C:\ProgramData\RetroExp\operations_log.utx